A team of researchers from Nottingham Trent University (UK), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), and Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy) has developed the first-of-its-kind washable and durable electronic textiles capable of sensing magnetic fields.
Seamless navigation in a virtual reality environment using a knitted sleeve with overbraided magnetic field sensors and a magnetic ring. Image Credit: Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
The researchers embedded highly responsive, flexible magnetoresistive sensors into braided textile yarns, making them compatible with conventional textile manufacturing. These sensors can be integrated into garments and function through a ring or glove equipped with a miniature magnet. By incorporating the sensors directly into the fabric, they can serve as touchless controls—effectively acting as ‘buttons’—and can be highlighted through dyeing or embroidery.
This innovation allows for a range of applications, including textile-based keyboards and wearable interfaces that function underwater and in various weather conditions. Unlike some capacitive sensors, which can be triggered accidentally, these magnetic sensors offer more precise control.
By integrating the technology into everyday clothing people would be able to interact with computers, smart phones, watches and other smart devices, transforming their clothes into a wearable human-computer interface.
Dr. Denys Makarov, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
Washable Fashion for Human-Computer Interaction
The technology has potential applications in areas such as safety controls for specialized clothing, gaming, and interactive fashion. It could enable users to control LED lights or other embedded features with simple gestures. The research team demonstrated its versatility by integrating the sensors into a functional armband for navigating virtual environments and a self-monitoring safety strap for motorcycle helmets.
It is the first time that washable magnetic sensors have been unobtrusively integrated within textiles to be used for human-computer interactions.
Niko Münzenrieder, Professor, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Dr. Pasindu Lugoda, Study Lead Researcher, Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, added, “Our design could revolutionize electronic textiles for both specialized and everyday clothing. Tactile sensors on textiles vary in usefulness as accidental activation occurs when they rub or brush against surfaces. Touchless interaction reduces wear and tear. Importantly, our technology is designed for everyday use. It is machine washable and durable and does not impact the drape, or overall aesthetic appeal of the textile.”
Electronic textiles are gaining popularity across various applications, but integrating electronic functionality with fabric remains a challenge. These textiles have evolved to incorporate soft, flexible materials that can withstand washing and bending while maintaining both durability and ease of use.
Journal Reference:
Lugoda, P., et al. (2025) Submersible touchless interactivity in conformable textiles enabled by highly selective overbraided magnetoresistive sensors. Communications Engineering. doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00373-x